20) The Regenerating Universe or Accelerating Universe in a Nutshell.   

( Updated Feb 12th 2011 )

This page is about the regeneration of the universe and also about the observation of recent years that the galaxies are receding away from each other already at the speed of light, and yet the speed of recession is still increasing. For that reason the universe has acquired the new name, i.e. the Accelerating Universe. Since some pages are already partially involved in discussions of these topics, I shall only high-light here some points not yet raised. Later on I will combine the different relevant materials to make a more complete and improved page on the regeneration of universe. Let's start with the issue on Accelerating Universe. 

In recent years, both American space telescope and European ground based telescopes have reported that the remotest receding galaxies are observed to have reached the distance of about 13 billion light years away. This is roughly the distance called the Hubble Radius, at which the receding speed of galaxies is already equal to the speed of light, and yet the speed of recession is observed to be increasing. This is not surprising because what lies between galaxies are just cosmic space and therefore there is nothing significant to obstruct the galactic recession. Besides as galaxies recede, their distances increase, causing the gravitation between them to reduce, which directly adds to the acceleration of galactic recession. Then light transmission may be relayed, strengthened or amplified by Constructive Interference, therefore theoretically light may be transmitted continuously and indefinitely. There is no limit to the transmissible distance of light. However, the speed of light is limited because it is constant and the distance of Hubble Radius is the maximum distance observable from earth. Beyond this limit, the speed of light or the light signal from the remotest receding galaxies is not fast enough to reach us. It appears that present telescopic technology has achieved the capacity to see or reach the maximum limits of our vision.  Yet it is reported that the expansion of universe continues to accelerate in speed... 

Left fig. is the symbolic graph of the so called Hubble Sphere. The circle/sphere represents the theoretical limit of the observable universe. Within the circle A = speed of galactic recession slower than the speed of light (in vacuum). Outside the circle B = speed of galactic recession faster than the speed of light. At the radius of circle is the Hubble Radius where C = recession speed of galaxy equal to the speed of light. 

The above also means that both theoretically and practically the speed of galactic recession can and does exceed the speed of light. This is because each galaxy converts mass to energy and turn energy into electromagnetic wave transmission, which may be relayed and strengthened to reach unlimited distances. Electromagnetic energy transmission exerts forces not only on neighboring galaxies but also on recipient galaxies at remote distances. That is to say, not only the transmission energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, can reach the most remote recipient galaxy at 12/13 BLYs away, but also all the galaxies at all distances are exerting forces on that same most remote galaxy, causing it to recede away in continued acceleration. Therefore, viewing from earth, the remotest galaxy must recede with a speed faster than light. This proves that the speed of light is not the top limiting speed of all motions in the universe. It also renders Einstein's mathematics for both Special and General Relativities to be unreal and imaginary, because the mathematics of Relativities are based on the hypothesis that the speed of light cannot be superceded. Meanwhile, since Black Hole Singularity and Big Bang Universe are all derivatives of Relativities, the recent telescopic observations also remove the theoretical back ground of those theories. Please read detailed explanations in page 22) Problems of Big Bang universe and the timing of history. 

Unfortunately the capacities of human science and human instruments can only observe within the limits of the above described Hubble Sphere. How the entire universe is structured can never be observed physically. Yet, this is where human intellectual capacity comes in handy. We all know that we can depend on the power and capacity of human intelligence. In fact 99% of our daily scientific reckonings and decisions are based on logical deduction and theoretical derivations, and are always proven to be dependable. So, unless we don't want to know how our universe is structured or made of, we must use our power of deduction. That is to say, although our capacities of physical observation are limited, we can still comprehend that the universe must be made of large regions or portions. Because since we are unable to observe the entire universe, it is more safe to perceive our universe as vast or infinite. We also know that everything in the universe is regenerating, but since our universe is vast or infinite there has to be different timings and speeds in the process of evolution and regeneration. Nature never carry out millions of events at one single moment with exact speed. The difference of timing and speed must inevitably develop into fluctuation of movements or waves of events in different regions or portions of the universe. Only through the availability or allowance of different regions can different of timing and speed be absorbed and compensated! In other words, the universe is so vast and infinite with changing events and energies there has to be enough space or regions of universe to allow the actions or functions of universe to fluctuate like waves. In this theory we refer to such regions as "Universal Portions" in order to make the definition more specific and recognizable. We also regard our entire observable universe as within the confines of one huge Portion.   

The Regenerating Universe Theory is a completely practical and logical postulate, and free of any mathematical problems. It can adequately describe the functions of the universe without having to rely on pure beliefs or imaginary equations and formulae. The demand for a discernible description of the universe is fast becoming necessary each day, as human space probes and spaceships are already a common phenomenon. Human civilization has definitely entered the cosmological age, it's now time to double up our effects to understand at least how light becomes available for us to see, or how electromagnetic radiations are made for us to transmit information, or just how and why we are standing on earth and not floating in the air! But there is in fact an even more meaningful object to reach, which is to understand whether the universe we live in is a long lasting one able of reusing its resources and vitality, or just an colossal explosion. There are enough reasons for us to appreciate that our universe is a regenerating universe with never ending and perfecting evolutions. So, let's take it in steps!.  

1) Electricity and magnetism:-  Every atom or molecule of mass in the universe possesses electricity (proton and electron) and magnetism. Both electricity and magnetism have intrinsic properties of polarities, i.e. positive and negative electric charges as well as attractive and repulsive magnetic moments, which the very ancient Chinese cosmology (ca 5000 BC) called "Yin and Yang". Both electricity and magnetism can induce each other in alternating phases and at right angles. The interactions between them and their polarities cause spinning motions in atoms, in planets, in solar systems and in galaxies. In fact, it's most likely that the entire universe is in a perpetual spinning motion, which we cannot notice because it takes simply too long. Spinning motions of mass and energy also form dynamic symmetries that causes all the phenomena of evolution in the universe (Please read details in page # 6) Where and how are cosmic waves (electromagnetic) created?) and page # 8) What is Miracle-12, the root of evolution? .  

Left fig:- An ancient Chinese symbol of Ying and Yang polarities (perceived and portrayed over 4000 years ago) in red, in I-Ching (the Book of Change) depicting that all changes in nature are begun with polar forces. I have added a modern photo of galaxy, in blue, to show how similar it looks with a galaxy. 

Since all masses contain electricity and magnetism. Galactic masses, i.e. stars and planets, etc., will eventually be drawn towards the center of galaxy by their own momentum and by gravitation, where they are crushed and are completely converted into electromagnetic waves, then radiated out of the galaxy into cosmic space. As they are the only survivors of that extreme condition at the galactic center during mass to energy conversion, electricity and magnetism are therefore not only indestructible and inseparable they are also the most fundamentals of universe. However, because electricity and magnetism are mutually inductive, and they take turns to induce each other. In other words, they are built with indestructible nature of generation and regeneration! (Chinese cosmology with theory of Ying and Yang was begun some 6000-7000 years ago and mature about 4000 years ago when the above graph of a Ying-Yang universe was already developed and portrayed. The Chinese cosmology was written in "I-Ching", the Book of Change, which describes how nature generates and regenerates under the polar energies of Ying and Yang)

2) Mass and energy:-  The universe is consisted of mass and energy only. The pair is already the very fundamental basics of nature. It is also fundamental in that both mass and energy are mutually convertible. They are made to generate and regenerate in mutual interaction, and their interactions have become the great drama of the universe. In short, they are the very fundamental elements of the universe and are built for regenerations. The Law of Conservation for mass, energy and momentum confirms it. This is the critical origin that causes the entire universe to function and exist...  

3) In cosmological scale:-  The universe is made with the capacity to expand by emitting energies in radiations, it has also the capacity to contract using the nature and power of gravitation. Such properties are also fundamental, and repeatable. They enable the universe to regenerate in cosmological scale.   

4) In atomic level:- In many subatomic nuclear physic laboratories, the particle collision machines are regularly breaking down mass into energy. The collision of particle and antiparticle also turn mass to energy. Sun's energy is regularly used in production of agricultural products, which is mass. The conversion of mass and energy is in itself a cycle of regeneration.   

5) Inorganic chemicals:-  All metals and minerals melt under high temperatures and re-solidify in lower temperatures. Most single pure elements of nature combine with other elements to form chemical compounds, which may be reduced back into their original state as pure elements under suitable conditions. Each pure element or each chemical compound has its own predictable properties and behaviors, which are also reversible, repetitive and regenerative. 

6) Organic life:- All botanical and biological lives on earth reproduce and regenerate. In fact, all lives anywhere within the universe must regenerate, otherwise these lives must live forever or go extinct. Such a universe would be unthinkable and would immediately cease nomal function.  Since all lives regenerate and proliferate together, they form domains or cultures depending on temperature, water, nutrients and other living conditions. Such domains and cultures also change and regenerate in their own time and domain.      

7) Laws of nature, science and mathematics are completely predictable, repeatable and regenerative. Without precisely predictable, repeatable laws  nature would be inconsistent and completely erratic. Laws of nature would not exist if the universe is a simple one way street phenomenon.  

8) The phenomena of Evolution depend on repeats of experience in order to organize and reorganize records and gains from experience, and mark the advancing evolutionary steps.  

9) There are all kinds of big and small suns, planets, galaxies, constellation, even super-clusters of galaxies in the cosmos, they are interacting with different energies and timing, The difference in strength and timing must produce different motions and eventually they must form grouped population as well as empty space and then further develop into portions or regions of universe. This is also analogous to how big and small nations are developed on earth. 

Left fig:- The Super-cluster of galaxies in Virgo Constellation, showing uneven distribution of galaxies. 

The above items show that the universe is fundamentally built to repeat actions in a precise and predictable manner. It is therefore a regenerating universe in continuous evolution. But in order for that to occur indefinitely, it require space for freedom of action and movements, So the universe should form large regions or portions somewhere although the universe is too vast for us to see all of it. In fact, the universe is far bigger than we can see or imagine. Only a couple of centuries ago, before Galileo trained his telescope skywards no one then could imagine what we see of the universe today. Before too long, our improved telescope will be seeing the universe from Pluto. And then, a little bit later, later, our own kind will be in Pluto ourselves, Who knows what we might see yet. The universe is the only Almighty existence there is, because it is the uni-verse and not multi-verse. The above conclusion is based on phenomena of nature. For instance, water in a cup does not make waves, but in a vast ocean, fluctuating waves never stop. In a vast open domain of cosmic space, the different atmospheric pressures would create regional storms and regional climates. The only reason for laws of physics to be precise, predictable, reliable and absolutely constant, it is because evolution has perfected it, which also means that regenerations of the universe must have been going on for countless infinities. Yet infinity itself is a reality, because the universe we live in is already quite infinite and endless, although we can observe only a tiny part of it.... That's why our globe is just a small global village!

(Condensed and updated Feb 12th 2011)

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