3)  Concerning Mass and Energy  Checked

In Page # 2) "On Space, Time and Spacetime" I have emphasized that before we go into proper space age, we should thoroughly reexamine the traditional ideas on some of the fundamental concepts in science, such as Time, Space, Mass, energy, etc., etc., and give them a clean bill of health. I then explained that there is no independent existence of Space and Time. Because space is the physical extension of physical matter and/or physical energy (e.g. waves or fields, etc.), whereas time is a cultural invention used to account for progression of events or reality. Where there is no event, time is timeless. Time therefore is an abstract tool of measurement and has no physical existence. Thus the physical universe consists of strictly physical existences, i.e. physical mass and physical energy, while metaphysical activities also require physical energies. These two physical components are in constant interaction and in exchange. A dynamic balance is maintained while nature generates changing phenomena of all sorts. Such changes would be unrecognizable and unaccountable if there were no systems of exact measurement, hence the use of time and space. 

However, until recent decades there had been historical debates as to whether the cosmic space could be an empty realm or filled by a transmission media called æther.  Now we know that space is in fact the physical extension (corporal space) of matters and also the physical quanta (volume) of transmissible waves, therefore space is simply the physical property of either mass, or energy or the combination of both.  There is no "empty space" in existence. If space could be empty, then all signals in transmission, such as light or electricity, images of stars and planets, would be discontinued. Therefore, space is completely physical and the universe is also completely physical. In fact, the entire observable universe is synchronized to expand by transmissible electromagnetic waves and to contract by gravitational waves. These waves extend their influence into the neighboring space called "fields".  Thus, all changing phenomena in nature are the results of interaction of masses, or energies, or between them.... 

Nature is in perpetual motion and events are ceaseless. Actions and interactions are intertwined in indescribable varieties of change and exchange. The numerous contents of space and the immeasurable length of time are the reasons that manifest the complexity of interactions between mass and energy. Yet behind the enormity of changing phenomena, there exist just simple origins. One may say the nature of mass is passive and energy is active, but that's only what appears to be. Although energy can exist without mass, e.g. electromagnetic waves are photon waves and photon has no rest mass, but mass does not exist without energy, e.g. all atoms contain active electric charges as well as nuclear binding force in them, otherwise they would completely disintegrate and change into energies. When it happens, the mass releases all the energy potentials that bind the nuclear together, such energy can blow up mountains and seas (so to speak!). So, although energy is always more active, if it over acts upon its passive partner, the mass, there can be huge surprise too. This is just nature! And humans are integral parts of nature! These are just hidden potentials between the paired "partners in action" existing in nature. The ancient Chinese people called the pair "Yin and Yang".. It's a term used by ancient wisdom to express that nature's manifestations are caused by powers of fundamentally different natures, or actions of opposition poles, which our contemporary people can do well to understand as well. But in that regard I will say no more, else I may expose nature's secretes too much!

However, it's not all reactionary and negative! In fact, "Yin and Yang" is a powerful union that builds nature to be what it is! Opposition polar energies in angular motion results in a dynamic symmetry. Dynamic symmetry is a system of equal and opposite forces maintaining temporary equilibrium in a symmetrical angles. Forces in dynamic symmetries can take many forms and crystallize symmetrical structures of material in nature. If you read on, you will see that behind every physical law there is always a cause, which contains the nature and action of symmetries. Polar forces in symmetries exist everywhere and are responsible for maintaining dynamic equilibrium of a system. Yet opposition poles cannot be unified. These poles are expressed in many phenomena, for instance, action and reaction, or expansion and contraction, or emission and absorption, or attraction and repulsion, positive and negative, black and white, male and female nature, love and hate, right and wrong, etc., etc.. Such opposing or paired energies are also manifested in the structures of all interactions and unions, both physically and metaphysically, without which evolution cannot begin. 

Evolution is the ongoing process, naturally not just on earth but all over the universe. Evolution is a learning process through trial and error (trial gives excitement  and error brings pain), which always result in improvement (no pain, no gain!). Evolution also makes the earth crust change from a "hell like" violent molten mass to a beautiful green pasture. Evolution is also what makes the galaxies spiral and the entire universe synchronized in harmonious motions. Evolution also gradually stabilizes all structures and functions within the universe until predictable properties and behaviors of materials are fully consistent, which we call laws of nature or sciences. It is ongoing both within the observable universe and far beyond our observation. There is no reason whatsoever for science to predict any functions and behaviors of nature unless we know and trust that the entire universe functions exactly as it does on earth, or as nature's laws dictate. Deep down in our mind we know it does. But to develop such laws and consistently predictable behaviors across the whole universe, nature requires endless processions of evolution. We only need to remind ourselves what it would be like in the early days of earth. So, evolution and regeneration repeat until all elements of the universe obeys the same predictable laws and orders. Let me repeat, to develop such a mature and consistent universe, it would require countless processes of evolution and infinite cycles of regenerations. Certainly it cannot be achieved by an one way street phenomenon or a single event, such a big bang! 

... 

If I am correct, "big bang" was coined by Fred Hoyle to ridicule the simplicity and absurdity of the idea, now for the sake of sanity, at least my own, I must join Mr. Hoyle's efforts, because with all those unstoppable changes and evolutions going on, I can't understand why anything that had happened at the time of that hypothetical Big Bang, such as CMB, should remain unchanged, un-evolved and totally intact for today's instruments to measure and to deem it as the remains of the Big Bang/ In other words, if there was a Big Bang, then ever since that time so much have happened and evolved, i.e. stars have been born, matured, collapsed, exploded, and died; galaxies have formed and acquired beautiful spiral wings; the whole universe has changed and expanded away beyond recognition, and yet, according to Big Bang believers, the scenery at the time of big bang, i.e. the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) of big bang era has not even moved, changed or disturbed, so that today we are able to witness exactly what state the radiation was like at the time of big bang by merely looking at it... Besides, the big bang theory has never explained how and why CMB got to become an extremely fine, continuous and seamless  spectrum of waves with progressively varying wavelengths and frequencies that would take up the entire universe space, so that light signal may be passed to us from 13/14 billion light years away. The Big Ban theory also never explained exactly how and why galaxies are formed. The most recent projection from the Big Bang theory is that the anisotropy of CMB distribution could be the seed that cause galaxies to form... Both the formation of CMB and the galaxies are only now explained in details within the context of this Regenerating Universe Theory. Please read page 6) Where and how are cosmic waves (electromagnetic) created?     

Evolution means alignment of imbalance into balance, or disorders into orders, but what brings about the want of balance and order is the dynamic symmetries. Meanwhile, structures of materials and energies are always chained in growth and in union, and each chain or linking cell must build its own symmetry or balance, otherwise the whole union would disintegrate. At the same time, nature is full of disturbances, so both internal growth and external disturbance require re-alignment of balance and order. Thus evolution goes in steps, and regeneration means repeating the process of evolution in order to achieve greater and higher orders. Such process also manifests in chains and there is no end to it.  This is how earth becomes a beautiful home and how cannibals in time become philosophers and politicians. The process requires continuous evolution and regeneration. So when you see stars and galaxies in their somewhat orderly stations and synchronized in a concerted movement, called Expansion of Universe, and everything within the observable universe is behaving in a predictable manner according to laws of science, you know that evolution has visited and revisited our regional universe countless times over. The fact that each type of material in the universe has its own specific structural elements and laws governing them, and similar materials are homogenously distributed all over the universe tells us that only numerous repeats of evolutions could have developed such order and stability in the cosmos. Let's reiterate! It would be impossible to evolve the same predictable scientific orders across the entire universe in one big bang explosion. Just imagine, one big Bang and voi la, all your structure of materials and laws of nature are ready, including a smoothly paced continuous spectrum of electromagnetic waves (CMB)! .... From this you can see why I must rationalize that the universe is constructed in large portions acting like waves in order to exchange materials and create homogeneity.  

I have now taken plenty of space here to illustrate that since elementary structures and laws or properties of materials in all parts of universe are predictably similar, they must be the result of exchanging and mixing materials under endless process of evolution and regeneration. Now let's see how and what make that possible! Earlier we have talked about energy being apparently the more active partner to its inseparable companion, the mass, and we have explained that dynamic symmetry is the cause behind evolution, but we still need to explain the reasons behind the curtains of all those dramas..... 

Through out ages, poets and philosophers have marveled at the beauty and depth of the living nature, whilst scientists and men of curious mind try to poke into the colossal mystery called the universe. There is something awesome about it, for not only its size and power have no limits, but its laws and structural complexity also know no bound. In fact, it's egoistic to think that only man possesses intelligence, because after all, all thinking creatures and their intelligence, all structures in physics and metaphysics, as well as all laws and orders that exist, are all integral parts of the universe. So what organizes all those structures and orders? Is there a structure or cause of intelligence existing somewhere in the fundamentals of nature? Indeed, there is! It's everywhere and exists in the form of energy. You are right!.. It's the dynamic symmetry and what it consists of... Nature has four forces of interaction, namely the Strong and Weak nuclear forces, the gravitational  force and the Electromagnetic force. But they are not the most fundamental of forces. The Strong and Weak forces bond the atomic elements, but can be de-bonded and de-structured. Gravitation and electromagnetic forces are waves, but they must be first pulsed into wave formations by some external process, and can be de-formed and de-structured too. All four forces of interaction can be restored back to their original pure energy flux. A true fundamental energy is a force that can never be de-structured or destroyed. It must come with nature in its original form. Such energies are the electric charge and the magnetic moment. 

Electric charges (positive or negative) exist in each atom, which contains protons or electrons, therefore all masses possess these energies. Electric charges in motion induce magnetic moments (Don't ask why, ask mother nature!) and magnetic moments then induce secondary electric charges, always at right angles to the other pair and in alternating phases. Atomic masses form planetary masses and eventually group into a formation of galaxy. Masses are then transported through the spiral into the galactic center where they meet, bang, crash, crush, grind and mill together. The galactic center becomes the greatest particle accelerator and demolisher there is. Everything that goes into the galaxy comes out not in chunks or pieces but visibly as radiations. They are the electromagnetic radiations in waveforms. Such waves are still chained in formations of electric charges and magnetic moments, also in waves but still maintaining at right angles to each other. Consequently, three phenomena become apparent. Firstly, electric charges and magnetic moments are not destroyed by the most violent galactic center where masses are converted into energies. Secondly, something has turned the released energies into a continuous spectrum of electromagnetic waves coming out of the galactic center. Thirdly, the galactic center becomes the most energy concentrated spot in the visible universe, not only because masses are converted into colossal energies, but all Strong and Weak nuclear forces are released from their bondage. How this happens is described in details in the page # 6) Where and how are cosmic waves (electromagnetic) created?

That's not all! In nature, all inertial forces loses energy doing work and weaken down to nothing, but wave energies can propagate, relay and re-enforce each other by Constructive Interference to maintain their energy and speed. Therefore, although speed of light is fundamentally not constant (all motions require and use up energy), but still always found to be constant (When sun light passes through a glass sheet it warms up the glass. Light therefore loses energy and speed, but upon leaving it picks up its original speed by constructive interference with other lights and remains constant). This is why we are able to see the most remote galaxy some 13/14 billions light years away. This is also the reason that the most remote but still visible galaxy must be moving away at the speed of light because no matter how far away the light source is, the speed of light will be re-enforced by constructive interference to be the same. If a telescope is powerful enough, it's bound to see the last galaxies. The visible limit of sight then must be the speed of light.. By working it backwards one can calculate and verify whether Hubble's redshift exists and is accurate or not ...

Since 1929 Hubble proposed his redshift theory, now after 75 years of visual observation, the rate of redshift ought to be accurate. Of course, not only the image of light source would be transmitted to our vision but also the image of redshift as well. Therefore, the prediction and calculation of Hubble's redshift are now proved to be very accurate and exact! That is the observed limit of 13/14 billion light years matches the known rate of redshift when the galactic recession reaches the speed of light (please read page # 17) What is the real age of the universe?  ..  Further more, if remote galactic lights can pass through numerous galaxies on its way to us, it can easily reach its next door neighbors. That's why they do push each other away! The expansion of universe is therefore caused by following three distinctive reasons. Firstly, only by conversion of total galactic mass and total nuclear energies in the mass into electromagnetic waves can be so powerful. Secondly, only energy in waves can reach that far (13/14 billion light year) by relay and interference. Thirdly, as soon as the next door galaxy begins to recede, the gravitational pull between neighboring galaxies rapidly drops to near zero or at exponential rates, because of the Inverse Square Law. The decrease of gravitation adds to the accelerating rate of universal expansion.

Ok, but how does all these affect evolution? Well, in the above, we have quoted Oersted and Lenz Laws, which explain that moving electric charge induces magnetic moment and vice versa in alternating phases, and their polar energies are at right angles to each other following the Right Hand Rule. What does this really do? Well, among other things, it creates a spinning effect. Since the electric charge and magnetic moment are the fundamental energies of nature and they are endowed in all atoms, they produce spins and orbits wherever atoms or masses are. So atoms, planets, solar systems and galaxies all spin and synchronize into orbits. Meanwhile, as all masses turn in orbital motions, they are pulled together to form solar systems and galaxies. Each system is temporarily balanced by a dynamic symmetry.  

Now let's see what is happening in those systems. Fundamental energies come in pairs of uncompromising polar energies of electricity and magnetism Whenever they spin in mutual induction, obeying the right angle rule, they create an angular energy field. Such field cannot collapse or disappear, because unless their motions stop, these mutually inductive energies are continuous. The result is an instantly automatic balance, which constitutes pairs of forces in various symmetrical formations. This field symmetry is extremely sensitive to external forces. If such field formation is disturbed it will reduce itself to a more basic and stable formation and holds on. The most basic but more stable symmetry is a cross or a square. This is because the cross is not only the most basic angularly balanced symmetry, but also because the original polar energies are mutually induced at 90 degrees apart. However, in a field of continuous changing energies in motion, the dynamic symmetry will automatically align itself into a 12 equal angles, because such a symmetry would then accommodate more types of symmetrical distribution of polar energies within it, such as choices of 2,3, 4, 6 or 12 spiked stars formations... . 

Thus nature comes with an automatic capacity to judge balance and imbalance, and to automatically re-align balance when disturbed. This is the wonder and miracle of the living nature  It is also the basic intelligence that powers evolution. Wherever there is electric charge or magnetic moment in motion, there is also a dynamic field symmetry. Since all atoms possess these energies, and these energies produce motions and energy fields. Motion and energy field affect each other. An atomic motion links to molecular motion, then to mass movement and beyond, hence motions in nature never stop. In time, every atom or atomic element is involved somewhere in the universe in perpetual motion. Even as the portions or large regions of universe eventually regenerate, the result is the exchange of mass and energy, which improves the stability in structures. As motions are nonstop, improvement has no boundary... This is evolution in advancing steps, and each step is a regeneration that improves on the last step. Therefore, evolution knows no halt and no boundary... 

In conclusion, all motions in the universe start from the polar energies of electric charge and magnetic moment, which are uncompromising and mutually inductive. Angular motion of polar energies produces dynamic symmetries. Dynamic symmetry's self alignment of equilibrium gives steps of evolution. Thus the function of symmetry is the ancient root of stabilized structure, both physical and metaphysical. This is how marine animals became mammals, and mammals became intelligent talking beings. There will be no end to the process, imagine what we might become billions of years from now!... Meanwhile, the fundamental energy in opposition poles produces male and female nature, as well as mass and anti-mass. All things retain their origins or the fundamentals of nature!  The cycles of regeneration in nature is reflected in the chained generation of life, and the efforts of conservation in nature is reflected in the need to survive, hence the instinct of survival in all beings.          .      

The manifestations of intercourse between mass and energy are numerous and complex, and cannot be described in a short of words. The above are some of the fundamental cause and consequence of those manifestations, which make the universe what it is. However, it's a fact that everybody knows what's going on between mass and energy. For one thing, Mum will tell you that you can't play unless you eat. I just hope my illustrations help to make the obvious even more apparent! So, in summary, Evolution is brought about by the structure of energy, which then mould the structure and properties of mass. They are caused by the indestructible and inseparable energies of electric charge and magnetic moment in motion  Their interaction produces symmetry, which gives root to evolution. Evolution then perfects the structure and predictable properties of mass. Hence laws of nature and human intelligence are all results of evolution. Because the final process requires regeneration of evolution in stages, that's why I call the system The Regenerating Universe... In short, dynamic symmetry of forces is the beginning of evolution, and through numerous steps of evolution or regeneration, the universe becomes what it is, but it will go on to improve for always, although each regeneration must demand realignment of orders and established conditions!  

I will continue discussions of the structure between mass and energy in other pages. However, in the discussion of mass and energy, sooner or later one would tread upon the path of that famous equation E = mC ², which is most hailed as the equation of genius. Therefore it is very important that we shift our focus to the subject:- 

Let's begin with C ^,  the speed of light in vacuum or the supposedly maximum limit of all motions in the universe without theoretical support or explanations. Such definition is fundamental to theories of curved space, spacetime curvature, time dilation, which then lead to black holes, singularities and the big bang universe, etc.. They are in serious conflict with the grounds on which this theory of Regenerating Universe stands. So, let's take a look.... Mass and Energy are the only variables in the above formula, where C ² is a constant. This equation does not specify what mass or substance m represents (regardless of whether it's rest mass or relativistic mass), nor does it specify what is the physical state (i.e. solid, liquid or gas) of m.  So, according to this equation, since C² is a constant, E, the energy, is the same for all substances. In which case, a kilogram of cold steel (or ice) would have the same energy as a kilo of hot molten steel (or water). Similarly, a kilo of Uranium 238 could have the same energy as a kilo of water. Incidentally, the equation also does not say what energy it refers to, e.g. pressure, temperature, speed, potential or kinetic energies, mechanical or chemical or electrical energies....etc., etc... These are the things that affect the entire performance of science.

This equation is so widely admired, because its genius lies in that not only it represents everything in the universe, but it actually gives you a numerical result in calculation. Because this equation is believed to be good for all general applications, I have seen it actually used in calculations of subatomic particles in certain important publication, and in certain encyclopedia. Of course, if it was not good for all, then it wouldn't be so widely admired. But then, not all people are geniuses. Geniuses think and non-geniuses usually believe,or is it vice versa? This question is a part of Special Relativity, which is based on Lorentz Transformation. The complete expression of the Energy/Mass equation is written as follows:- :-  

where m_o is the rest-mass and m, the relativistic mass, is the rest-mass multiplied by a Lorentz Factor. The only variable in the Lorenz Factor is the velocity v. If the velocity v is kept unchanged, for instance, if a same weight of Ice, Cold Steel, Water and Molten Steel are put in the same airplane in flight, then according to the above formula all four substances would possess exactly the same amount of energy E, regardless of what physical states they are in.... 

Now, no one knows whether the formula holds true or not at relativistic speeds (near the speed of light, which is a constant in the formula ), but at low speeds or realistic speeds, I think we can grasp the idea clearly. In fact, the lower is the speed, the more obvious it becomes. Let's say the airplane is flying at a normal speed, say v = 300 meter/sec (roughly 670 miles per hour, which is quite normal) and the speed of light is 299,792,458 meter/sec (or 670,216,019 miles per hour). It would make (v/c)²= 0 and Lorentz Factor becomes Unity, (or r (v) = 1) practically, because after squaring the speed of light, the figure becomes colossal. Therefore, at normal speeds the equation becomes E = mc² = m_oc² (See Einstein Picture). The formula must hold true for all speeds. But if it works for all speeds, then on the described airplane, the energy E for the same amount of all four substances, i.e. Ice, Cold Steel, Boiling Water and Molten Steel, or anything else, should be indistinguishable or the same! I wonder if they are? I don't think I will do an experiment to find out, but if some readers should do it, please let me know the results! Such an experiment is not too difficult... Actually one doesn't need to be Einstein to know that mass and energy are convertible, i.e. food can be converted to energy and sun's energy can be converted into food for us. 

Besides, at the time of establishment for Relativities Einstein simply deemed the speed of light to be the top limiting speed of all real objects in motion. This assumption would later become an extremely important criterion for many theories. In fact, it practically fixed the top limit for many unconfirmed speeds, thus any speed that's too fast for the present technology to measure must never exceed the speed of light, yet Einstein had never proved that the speed of light C is the top limit, nor did he explain why. Such an influential and powerful personal decision is a rare phenomenon in science, as it has become a household word ever since. However, it happened that between 1998 and 2002 scientists from US, Europe and Australia using Hubble Space Telescope and ground based telescopes had all observed that the remotest galaxies are about 13 to 14 billion light years away, and yet they are still receding away with increasing speed. So the newest name for the expanding universe is now called "Accelerating Universe". 

But 13 to 14 billion years is also the distance when the speed of galactic recession has already reached the speed of light (note: The speed of light in vacuum 299,792,458 meter/sec has been accurately obtained down to the meter and the rate of galactic recession or the rate of redshift has been visually checked by global scientists since 1929). Please read Contents Page # 17 "The real age of the universe", also 22) Problems of Big Bang universe and the timing of history and yet the observed galaxies are still accelerating away. Any real object that can move faster than the speed of light ( i.e. v > c ) will render the essential part √(1-v²/c²)  of above Lorentz Factor^, or the Lorentz Transformation equations an imaginary number mathematically, and therefore debunk not only the Energy-Mass equation (E = mC ²), but also the whole Special Relativity, because there is no such thing in reality as a square root of negative values. 

You see it was only Einstein who decided all by himself that the speed of light in vacuum C is the top limiting speed in nature. There is nothing in science or in Mother Nature's designs that says "no linear velocity can exceed the speed of light". This is what happens now and observed by different telescopes. You see, galaxies convert mass into transmissible energy waves, which push neighboring galaxies away, like sun light pushing a comet tail away, and there is nothing in space to stop them. Then according the Inverse Square Law, as the gravitation decreases exponentially, these receding galaxies would accelerate. By the time such receding galaxies already reach the speed of light, some of their nearby galaxies are still converting mass to energy to continue the pushing. So the receding galaxies must go faster than the speed of light. Meanwhile, theoretically each galaxy may push its neighbor at least until it reaches the speed of light. By adding the speed of separation between the first and the 3rd or 4th galaxies, and so on, the total relative speed of of separation must also exceed the speed of light... As these revelations are so new and recent, now you see how important it has become to reexamine and revalidate past beliefs! And such revalidation could have been done quite effortlessly well before visual revelation. 

In the recent decade there are quite a few groups of scientists who claim to have broken the limit of light speed in vacuum, even in laboratory conditions (check up Internet Search Engines under the search term "speed of Light"). Usually geniuses develop their own mathematical models to postulate their brand new discoveries. Only Einstein adopted other people's already existing mathematical models, i.e., Lorentz equations and Minkowski's imaginary fourth dimensions, to postulate his theories of relativity. Now, observations have proved them both unreal, the question now is:- (Einstein has been elevated to the rank of genius all because his theories of relativity), what have people done to him and what is really going on? These things should be said, because very soon there will be a booming space tour industry. I think space tourists should check things up before they go up there! Who knows which engineer has or has not incorporated Relativities in his design for spaceship? This is no kidding!