6) Where are Electromagnetic Waves (or visible light) created in nature,  

(Re-organized and partially rewritten Dec 2008). 

In 1990 the American National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) launched the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) into space. One of the essential projects was to observe and measure the rate of Expansion of the Universe. After 8 years of work by the HST Key Project Team the task was achieved. The observed result was announced in early Spring of 1998. The announcement declared that the universe is not just expanding, it is, in fact, expanding with increasing speed. This conclusion was confirmed in 2001 by another team of scientists from the European Southern Observatories (ESO) group using various ground based telescopes.... This combined discovery has been a total surprise for physicists and cosmologists, because if the universe had been started by Big Bang, then after the Big Bang and Inflation the gravitation of masses in the universe should have slowed down the rate of universal expansion and continued to slow down. So what is the unknown energy that causes the speeding up of the expansion instead, and where could it have come from? In the following passages I shall try to discuss this concern in some details. (But before I begin, I must ask readers to excuse me for the unorganized manner this page was previously presented, due to unavoidable health problems I have now barely found my way back trying to tidy it up.)  

In the observed universal expansion, all galaxies are moving away relatively from each other. A good metaphor for illustration is the baking of a cake with raisins in it. As the yeast causes the cake to rise and expand, the raisins in the cake, like the galaxies in space, would expand relatively away from each other. As the cosmos consists virtually of either galaxies or free space only, and since space cannot generate own energies to shift the entire universe, it can only happen if the galaxies are being accelerated or pushed to expand by forces emitting between each individual galaxy. So, what kind of force could the galaxies possibly emit that would constitute a pressure or a push between them? And what kind of force can transmit energy over such long distance? Now, we have seen that Sun's radiation can push a comet's tail to travel in the direction of solar radiation, even to go ahead of the heavier comet body.  There is a type of force that can travel long distances through cosmic realm. It is the family of transmissible forces in waveforms, as only energies in waves can propagate continuously and transmit energy with it. 

At one time it was thought that there must be an invisible media or body of something in space to transmit energy, because if there is nothing ahead in the direction of force, then there is nothing to push or transmit energy. They called this something ether or æther, but soon it was found that energies delivered in the form of waves can do the job, as the energy is retained in the form or body of each wave, and the back wave can push or deliver its energy to the front wave, like sea water waves. What's more, two waves of similar wavelength can add their energies together and become one bigger wave. And as the waves propagate, they act like consecutive waves of pressure transmitting energy forward, just like sea waves pushing water up the shore. The family members of wave energies include heat wave, sound wave, tidal wave and other energy waves, as well as electromagnetic radiation waves and gravitational waves.. 

We are however only interested in the large spectrum of electromagnetic radiations, as we are in daily contact with these waves, such as radio or TV signals, infra-red, visible light waves, ultra violet, x-ray, gamma ray and more. Gravitation is also a force in waves, and together with electromagnetic waves, they cause all the large cosmological movements and form cosmological structures. So, force waves can travel through space and transmit energy, without them matters would have to be in some form of bodily contact in order to transmit energy between them... The big question is how does waveform come into being? There must be somewhere in nature some kind of mechanisms that turn energies into a continuous spectrum of waveforms or wavelengths and frequencies in progressive propagation. These are the main concern and discussions of this page...  

Let's begin with the following question. We all know that colossal amounts of masses are being spiraled towards the center of the galaxy with increasing speed. But where do all those big stuffs go, stuffs like the suns, the planets and more? What is going to happen to them? Of course, this applies to every single spiraling galaxy. So, would these colossal amounts of cosmological bodies disappear when they reach the central region of the galaxy?   .......

On the left : Where do all those big stuffs go? 

The followings will explain in steps how they are all crushed and milled down into primordial plasma of elementary mass and energy, then there would come a time when colossal nuclear energies would be released from their atomic bondages (The Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces). Finally everything will be converted by the extremes of energy and temperature into pure energy flux, which is then pulsed into waves as they go pass the angular divisions of a mighty force field symmetry formed at the galaxy. 

There has to be a force symmetry in the system, otherwise the galactic energy field would break to pieces and disappear. The divisions of the field symmetry somewhat resemble the poles of the stator of an electric generator. The result in both these two cases is the production of either sinusoidal electromagnetic radiation or electric current, and in order to cut energy flux into sinusoidal waves a field polar symmetry is needed. In fact, when galactic force field is strengthened, the field symmetry will also become stronger. This confirms the existence of such a symmetry at each spiraling galaxy. In fact even a candle lamp or street light has a symmetry that can be seen. It is also the ecliptic or zodiacal symmetry of the solar system. We will describe more of the wave making action of this symmetry later in this page. The unbelievable increase of pressure at the central region of the galaxy would then force the sinusoidal electromagnetic waves out of the galaxy into space. This can only take place at both sides of the galactic axis, because the plane of galactic disc is occupied by the mutually induced electric and magnetic components and the axis is the place of least resistance. This is how electromagnetic waves are always observed in nature. Electric and magnetic components are induced at 90° to each other, and together they move and propagate as waves in the direction perpendicular to both components. This is a 3-imensional transmission, but since space itself is 3-dimensional, so the space is filled by such transmissions. This 3-dimensional wave transmission will retain such formation and permeate the entire cosmic space  The nature of electromagnetic wave transmission is such that passing waves can interfere each other, and when that happens similar waveforms can readily merge or absorb each other's energy, or cancel each other as long as their wavelengths are the same. It is the phenomenon of energy waves transmission.   

There are two scenarios that could illustrate how electromagnetic waves may have been created and emitted by the galaxies. Firstly, as the galactic masses, stars and planets, etc., are pulled by gravitation, by momentum and by a drag caused by emission of escaping waves at the center of galactic, they move with acceleration towards the inner central region. At some point of this region the traffic jam occurs and they begin to collide and explode. Such non-stop collisions, explosions and grinding motions are continuous because more and more masses are coming into the region through millions of years. So there must be a built up of extreme energy, pressure and temperature that's not likely to be experienced elsewhere. Even if two or more starry object collide there is no comparison with such non-stop and constant collisions. In such a scenario, no atomic particles can possibly remain intact, and must be converted into pure energy, i.e., subatomic quarks are turned into energy and disappear. This means that since there is no mass in this central region, there is no gravitation, and therefore there can be no Gravitational Black Hole at any galactic center, and since there is no mass particles to reflect light, this very central region would appear to be black. It would be better to call it an Observational Black Hole. It also means that due to the extremes of conditions electromagnetic radiations emitting out of this region are of frequencies in the order of unknown extremes. Also the energy states are so extreme that there is no comparison elsewhere. So naturally no earthly, nor human experiments, nor instruments can hope to verify and measure it. In short, these electromagnetic radiations are the strongest in the universe. Because it is extreme, it will need a new name. So let's call it the Extreme Galactic Rays.            

The second scenario is the normal scenario, which occurs before the stars and planets get into the traffic congestion. So if they do not collide, especially not colliding in continuous repetitions, then their energy states are normal, and whatever radiations they emit would belong to the normal range of wavelength and frequencies that scientists and technicians are already familiar in daily experiences. This is the normal electromagnetic spectrum of radiations that we experience from long radio waves up to gamma rays. Hence the two scenarios are different, one, producing the class of electromagnetic radiations we already know, and the other, we cannot yet experience! If my above description is true, then it's no wonder that the universe expands and accelerates, because such Extreme Galactic Rays, not only have the strength to push or expel the galaxies away from each other. They also have the strength to cause a resounding vibrations of the Strong Nuclear Force. Such vibrations in turn create gravitational waves with also extreme frequencies. Perhaps that's why the gravitational wave is weak and has the nature of attraction but not magnetic, and above all, there is nothing within the mass or in the atom, neither energy, nor structure, to generate intrinsically such an important wave that can gravitate and cause vital cosmological movements! That's why it appears that gravitational wave is the resultant product of external influence, i.e., the inductive wave brought about correspondingly by Extreme Galactic Rays (Please read more in page #13) The nature and origin of gravitation). It also shows why even the strongest radiation we know, i.e., the Gamma Ray cannot influence the Strong Nuclear Force or any major cosmological events, such as gravitation. We cannot physically feel the vibrations and energies of such Extreme Galactic Rays because we are born directly into its energy environments, which never change, nor disappear.

In view of what's going on in the galactic center, every mass in the galaxy can be converted into energy through the above described galactic functions, and these energies are none other than the radiating waves containing both electric and magnetic properties. Of course since the universe is in motion, and in each atom there are electric charges (Electron and Protons), which induce magnetic moments. It would appear that in the end only electric and magnetic properties remain indestructible, because not only all atoms contain them but what comes out of the furnace of conversion, i.e. the galactic center, are only electromagnetic radiations in waves. This would appears to indicate that at the base of all things, and despite the complexity of so many material elements and energies, as well as never ending interactions and evolutions, the universe is fundamentally an electromagnetic universe, and electromagnetic energy starts it all. We are also electromagnetic beings. However, in order to get around over cosmological distances and to interact as well as to begin evolutions in such an endless regenerating universe, energies must be waves or quanta in propagation. 

Let's take a closer look at the formation and propagation of light or electromagnetic radiations, and how their 3-dimensional propagating waves pervade the entire universe, and in particular how does cosmological energy actually become sinusoidal waves and acquire a frequency. This is the main concern of this page, because cosmic electromagnetic radiations are observed to be in sinusoidal wave forms. 

Left Fig::- Electromagnetic radiations are observed to be sinusoidal waves, with electric and magnetic wave components at right angles to each other, and together they are perpendicular to the direction of propagation. (Courtesy of Britannica Encyclopedia CD 2004. (c) Copy rights encyclopedia Britannica, Inc..) 

In modern Quantum Physics energy waves are also viewed as particles, or quanta of energy, or photon waves. In engineering applications, such as electronic circuits, desired energy frequencies are first created into series of quanta or pulses by oscillating or vibrating a suitable material, such as a crystal, then by using various other means and controls to adjust their waveforms. Such waveforms can have many shapes, including square shape. Whereas in nature, electromagnetic waves have sinusoidal waveforms. 

 

Left fig:- This is a simple Sine Wave. A = Amplitude, l = Wavelength

 

So there is a difference after all! The similarity between electromagnetic quanta engineered by human and cosmic radiation waves formed naturally in space is that the contents of quanta or waves are both electromagnetic energies. Energies are not pieces of solid materials, so such contents may be flexibly merged or "interfered" with (e.g., added, subtracted, doubled or cancelled) as long as the boundaries of the quanta and/or waveforms are "in phase". This marks the importance of frequencies, and allows manmade quanta or waves of electromagnetic energy to be transmitted and immerged with nature's electromagnetic waves, and quantum mechanics to be considered with cosmological phenomena. The relatively exact and scientific process of designing the electromagnetic waves in practice proves that the existence of sinusoidal electromagnetic waves in nature is not a causeless natural phenomenon, it is the product of galactic symmetry as described. Because all mature spiral galaxies are equipped with similar symmetry, they generate similar sinusoidal electromagnetic waves. Similar energy waves combine, strengthen and amplify their energies together, they then reach every corner of the universe, and pervade the entire cosmic space.    

 

Still, the more important fact is that cosmic electromagnetic radiation waves everywhere are the medias, which carry and help to transmit similar manmade signals to distance space. Imagine, even tiny power from solar battery panel of a space craft can dispatch message back to earth all the way from Saturn  and beyond, billions of miles away. Of course faint signals received on earth would be amplified, filtered and reproduced into satisfactory messages and information. The transmissible wave energies are the inter-galactic life force in the universe, without the electromagnetic waves the universe would be completely dark, dead and motionless, and there would be no gravitation too. Therefore, to understand how, where and why nature's electromagnetic waves are created and in such strictly orderly waveforms, frequencies and spectrums, is as important as to understand how the universe functions and evolves. Of course, such complex and beautiful waveforms and organized spectrums in regimented propagation are not likely to be the products of a violent explosion, such as the Big Bang of the universe.  

Let's start by taking a look at Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion. Newton's original statements in "Principia" published in 1687stated the followings:

1)   Every particle continues in a state of rest or motion with constant speed in a straight line unless compelled by a force to change that state.

2)   The net unbalanced force producing a change in motion is equal to the product of the mass and the acceleration of the particle.

3)   All forces arise from the mutual interaction of particles and in every such interaction the force exerted on the one particle by the second is equal and opposite to the force exerted by the second on the first, or as it is usually expressed : Action and Reaction are equal and opposite.

Newton's laws are the fundamentals governing the classic linear motions, which have been essential in all daily applications for over three centuries. Newton's laws were published more than 150 years before the discovery of electromagnetic waves and field theory. Therefore what Newtonian laws refer are classic linear inertial forces without reference to cosmological wave motion. However, no matter in what state a motion is, i.e. speed or velocity, or how complex a state of force is, the principle that "Action and reaction of forces are equal and opposite" remains true. It is fundamental to the principle of force field symmetry, in fact, it is true to all nature's interactions.... Because action gives reaction, the sun's radiation waves can push a comet's tail to move in the direction of solar radiation. Similarly, cosmic wave energy between the galaxies can force galaxies to recede from each other.... However, if Newton was able to read Chinese, he would have found that thousands of years before him ancient Chinese scientist Fu Xhi had already explained the same phenomenon described by Newton's Third Law, but had defined "Action and Reaction" with the term "Ying and Yang" instead. This point is theoretically important to my cosmological theory, it is particularly important to me because it's my grand father's work on ancient Chinese cosmology that had started my interest of cosmology in the first place. My grand father was the official Officer of Ying and Yang for our district in the last imperial dynasty...       

As energy waves are in fact corporal extensions of packs or quanta of energies in motion and can travel as well as vibrate in 3-dimensional space, they take up all the spatial realm. So what we generally refer to as empty space is not empty at all. The cosmos is completely pervaded by unrelenting wave energies propagating and vibrating in all directions and all at the same time. Due to the similarity in frequencies and similar spectrums of electromagnetic radiation, wave energies not only can propagate through space, they can also interfere and relay each other, thus they reach every space inside and outside galaxies, including the space of our solar system as well as the entire observable cosmic realm. 

Now as masses of the galaxy spiral towards the center of galaxy, the distance between them becomes closer, their speeds are accelerated by the increasing pull of gravitation, momentum and a drag created by emission of energy into space at the center of galaxy. There comes a time when these masses will crash and be converted into energies due to violent crashing and continuous grinding action taking place in the inner region of galaxy. As the colossal energy flux is rushed through the region with spiraling or angular momentum, it builds up a pressurized region, which automatically aligns into a dynamic force symmetry. Without a symmetry to sustain dynamic equilibrium in the energy field, the field structure and symmetry would break up and disappear, and there would be no spiraling galaxies. But as galactic material continue to spiral inwards and converted into energies, such field symmetry is extremely dynamic. It is dynamic because forces are continuously rushing in, yet it must maintain equilibrium in the force field, so the structure of field symmetry is constantly being refreshed and strengthened. Therefore the symmetry would appear like a permanent fixture in the center of galaxy

The magnetic force field of a galaxy is created by motion of mass carrying electric charges (Proton and electron). Electric charge in motion induces magnetic moment at right angles to the charge and magnetic moment responses back by inducing electric charge again further 90º away.  This causes galaxy to spin in spiral, and the inward spiraling galactic mass would be drawn towards the theoretical center of galaxy, because the gravitation attraction is stronger on the inward side where the diameter of spiral is smaller and masses are closer to each other. Inward gravitation together with angular momentum as well as a drag created by the out flow of emission, thus accelerate the inward angular motion of galactic masses.  Meanwhile, the polarity of both electric charges and magnetic moments will form a force field. The energy within the field then form a symmetrical structure to keep the field in dynamic balance. More explanation will follow. Now let me first describe the force field symmetry in our solar system.   

There is a circular belt of about 9 degrees width around the earth environment along which solar planets move, This is the circle of the Ecliptic. But the dynamic force symmetry generated by circulating planets is called Tropical Zodiac.  Every year when the sun travels to the point of Vernal Equinox on Mach 21st, it is the start of the Spring season, when temperature on earth will change noticeably. Then exactly 90 degrees further is the point of Summer Solstice, and when sun comes to this point, the temperature change again. It is the very start of Summer season. Further 90 degree away is the Autumnal Equinox, and still further 90 degrees is the Winter Solstice. At each of these points the seasonal temperatures and environmental energies change considerably. The entire Zodiac consists of 12 equal segments, each having exactly 30 degrees.  In fact temperatures change each time the sun crosses each of the 30 degree divisions of this moving Zodiac. This phenomenon shows that the Tropical Zodiac is an invisible solar force field symmetry. It's the sun's energy interacting with the divisional energies of the symmetry that causes the seasonal changes, because the angular divisions of the Zodiac clearly reflect the passing sun's energy...(More about seasonal waves will be forth coming ) 

The galaxy is a flat disc with numerous suns and planets moving in the galactic spiral, similar to solar planets moving in the Zodiac circle. This is what prompted this writer to assume that the galaxy should also have similar field symmetry divisions. Now let's do a thought experiment. Consider the galaxy to have consisted of billions of zodiacs. Their diameters differ from colossal size at the rim of galaxy down to the size of a pea at the center of galaxy. Yet each of these imaginary galactic zodiacs has numerous planets circulating, including our sun and ourselves, along certain zodiac and moving slowly inwards around the axis of the galaxy. It would generate pulses of imaginary seasonal energies at the galaxy, just like changing seasonal energies on earth. The difference is on earth each pulse is a month long, but in the galaxy the pulses are varying depending on the diameter of each imaginary zodiac. In other words, since it's the same planetary bodies traveling in circles inside the galaxy, then like in our solar zodiac, there are force symmetries in the galaxy, all with 12 divisions, like our zodiacal divisions, which would synchronized into one huge combined symmetry consisting of same 12 equal angles, but effective through the whole galaxy, and similar in each and every galaxy.         

Left. Fig. is a graphic representation of an extremely dynamic magnetic force field symmetry at the galactic center with 12 equal divisions effective for the whole galaxy. The concept is new, so I call the force symmetry "Miracle-12"  

Now, please be patient and let's first view it from another angle. Somewhere towards the galactic center, the spiraling planetary bodies must collide sooner or later. They will be first reduced to their atomic elements, and atoms too will crash in this nature's gigantic atom crushing machine releasing colossal energies, including Strong and Weak nuclear binding forces.  In the end they will be completely converted into energies. These pure energy flux, which is now mass-less and weightless, and moving with unbelievably speed under indescribable colossal pressure and temperature, now containing only most fundamental energies in it, i.e., both electric and magnetic energies (Read more explanation in previous page), which must seek to escape out of this region. However, because the conditions are so extreme, it is impossible to describe precisely the process of transformation at this point, but without any doubt no mass particles can exist here and all energies must escape the galactic center to account for two facts of observation. Firstly, as the galactic materials, i.e. stars and planets, etc., are continuously transported to this galactic center by the spiraling motion, momentum, drag  and gravitation, etc., they must go somewhere.  Secondly, observations show that emissions from galaxies are all electromagnetic radiations, covering the  maximum observable distance of some 12-14 billion light-years,. Such electromagnetic emissions are so strong that they exert pressure on neighbouring galaxies to move away, causing the universal expansion in acceleration. The expansion is in acceleration because as long as there are still mass in the galaxies being converted into energies, there are continuously new supply of forces to accelerate the recession of galaxies.  

Therefore, the only explanation is that formless energy flux has been urged to pass through the strong energy division of the force field symmetry, which I call the Miracle-12 that maintains the dynamic equilibrium of the galaxy (otherwise it would disintegrate), and in doing so, pulses of energy are cut and formed into sinusoidal waves.  It is also understandable that in the short time before the formless energy flux is cut or pulsed into known electromagnetic waves, it is not traveling at the "Speed of Light".  Speed of light "C " is only constant because the frequency is smoothly and inversely proportional to wavelength, i.e., C = F x L = Constant. Such smoothly inverse proportion is completely due to its passage through the smoothly and progressively shrinking circumference of the dynamic symmetry. The fact that the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to its frequency is the tailored proof that those waves can only be products of the galactic force field symmetry as the way I have described. There is no other known facilities, nor other processes, in the cosmos that could created such sinusoidal electromagnetic waves, to cause the expansion, acceleration and the regeneration of the universe. This is of course the explanation for the constant speed of light!

 

In fact, before the energy flux is cut into waves and dispatched, it could easily be traveling freely beyond the speed of light, because in the disciplines of science or in the manifestations of nature, there is nothing to forcibly stop a linear or angular velocity "V" to travel faster than the speed of light "C" ( except by Einstein's own baseless decision, which could easily delay the progress of science. ). Take the case of explosion, say a nuclear explosions, the stronger the explosive is, the greater the speed it delivers. Actually since 1998 the galaxies at the remotest end of universe are observed to be receding away with the speed of light, and yet they are still accelerating away.  So if the galaxy is big or strong enough, then at its center there would appear to be an unobservable region or hole, because the speeds of motion are greater than the speed of light. There are therefore two regions where events cannot be observed. Firstly, anything beyond the maximum observable distance (about 14 billion light-years) at the remotest end of universe cannot be observed. Secondly, in certain galaxies, the motions in the very center of galaxies are also unobservable. So I propose that there is an "Observational Black Hole", or "Optical Black Hole", both are "OBH" at the center of galaxy to differentiate from the commonly known Black Hole, formed by Einstein's Spacetime Curvature, or the Gravitational Black Hole, GBH of Relativity. It's no wonder astronomers have found and observed some numbers of Black Holes in some galaxies. They must be OBH, because if they were GBH, then with so many of them sucking everything down the holes, we would be having a disappearing or shrinking universe, rather than an expanding universe. 

Emission of waves can be seen by radio telescopes as radiations or by optical telescopes as haze emerging to huge distances from both polar axis at the central region of galaxies.  As the emissions move towards the theoretical center of galaxy, the pressure and the energy become progressively stronger, whilst the frequency progressively increases, the  wavelength decreases inversely proportional to frequency. They conform with the observed characteristics of the entire spectrum of  electromagnetic radiations, which range from millionth of a centimeter to many kilometers. Besides, because of the continuous varying wavelengths are inversely proportional to frequencies, their product becomes a constant, and the observable cosmos is completely dominated with a smooth spectrum of such varying waves. Without these waves there will be no visible galactic lights, red shift, radio waves, or x-rays, gamma rays as well as the last range of rays, the "Extreme Galactic Rays", which are even much shorter and stronger than gamma rays. 

(Definition of Extreme Galactic Rays, or EGR : - The writer believes that as millions of stars and planets are pulled to move towards the galactic center, they must crash into each other, therefore the extreme built up of violence and energy concentration at galactic center must surpass any events or explosions occurring anywhere else in the universe, such as those of Pulsars and Quasars, etc.. 

 

Image of entire sky's gamma rays as seen by the CGRO spacecraft. Bright spots within the galactic plane are Pulsars while those above and below the plane are thought to be Quasars. But the strongest rays are concentrated in the center of our Milky Way (horizontal bright strip) as Gamma Rays. Extreme Galactic Rays are not yet detectable.

 

This is imaginable because there is a continuous inflow of masses into the crashing zone, and the built up of violence and temperatures cannot be compared with any simple collisions or discontinuous collisions between galactic masses. Since there are nonstop collisions of millions of incoming stars and planets, it means such extremes of violence can only occur at the very center of galaxies. The scenario therefore cannot be experienced anywhere else in the universe, which in turn means that humans can never hope to simulate such extremes of energy. With such energies from the Extreme Galactic Rays, it's no wonder that the entire universe full of galaxies are forced to expand in acceleration, and only under such extreme conditions can all masses be converted to pure energies. Yet, because we are born into such an undetectable energy environment, which seems never to change, nor fluctuate, we are totally unaware of its extreme existence.  

Now that masses are all converted into energies, let's see how energies become energy waves. In the above our theory proposes that there is a force field symmetry in every galaxy. This symmetry has 12 equal angles, which for the time being we call "Miracle-12".  This magnetic force symmetry is responsible for the production of two classes of electromagnetic radiations.  Firstly, the entire familiar spectrum of continuous electromagnetic radiations, i. e. including visible light, x-rays and gamma rays. etc.. However, with the advent of this symmetry it becomes obvious and necessary to postulate that the production of radiations at the galaxy cannot possibly stop at the range of gamma rays, which can be produced in normal laboratory conditions on earth.  At the extremity of this symmetry, i.e. in the the theoretical center of galaxy, the wavelength of the radiations would be much shorter than gamma rays (in fact at the theoretical extremity of galactic center, the wavelength produced would be theoretically zero) and the energy of such radiations would reach an unknown extremity. 

At this point, it is also extremely important to note that a dynamic force symmetry is formed by mutual induction between polar forces of electric charge and polar forces of magnetic moments in alternating phases and perpendicular to each other. This symmetry keeps the magnetic field in dynamic stability. As galactic masses are converted to energy, the energy, now only electric and magnetic in nature, is forced to pass angularly through the force symmetry and chopped up into electromagnetic radiations of naturally formed sinusoidal waves.... The symmetry would automatically form 12 perfectly equal divisions at the body center of every galaxy for the following reasons. 

A force symmetry is constantly subject to the influence of changing external forces. There are a few statistical possibilities. Firstly, the simpler and more basic a symmetry is, the less likely it would be reduced or simplified further, and therefore more stable. The most basic or simplest symmetries are none other than the Simple Opposition (2), Equilateral Triangle (3), the Square or Cross (4), and the Hexagon (6). Therefore the combined mean geometry for all the basic symmetries is one with 12 equal angles, or the 12 spiked star, which can accommodate all the fundamentally stable symmetries. Secondly, mutual induction between electric charge and magnetic moment occurs at right angles only. This interaction presents changing energies constantly in the angles of a Cross, thus the Cross is most frequently present and most commonly seen. Often it is used to mean the sun's rays. Meanwhile, three Crosses (3x4=12) or four Equilateral Triangles (4x3=12) are also stable symmetries.  Also six Oppositions (6x2=12), or two Hexagons (2x6=12), even one 12 equal angled Star, are all the most basic and stable symmetries.  This is a perfect example of statistical probabilities, which is also called Natural Selection". That's why the Zodiac or the force field symmetry of our solar system is a 12 equal angled symmetry, hence the field symmetry at the galaxies must be of the same!  

Above 3 photos show different dynamic field symmetries displayed by light. In every stable force field there is always a field symmetry, but rarely more complicated than a star of 12 equal angles.. 

 

(Note: Mother Nature will take the most convenient or most probable choice. It is what Charles Darwin call "By Natural Selection" and  Einstein would call "God's Dice". In quantum physics and statistics the word is "Probability". Actually this is where nature's miracle begins! The symmetry is the one and only root of evolution that gives birth to the want of choice and stability as well as balance or peace by nature. This want of choice is available in every cosmic space, in every atom and in all force symmetries, which crystallize every organic and inorganic materials structures, and are forever active everywhere. Since Nature has the want of choice, therefore, it is also the stem of all will power, purpose and intelligence! The rest is up to process of time, regeneration and evolution. So I thought the name "Miracle-12" was rather befitting ).

Anyhow, we all know that evolution will not fail to take the course of Natural Selection. In which case, each galaxy will have its own Miracle-12 symmetry, and its production of electromagnetic radiations. This means that the universe is completely dominated by the same spectrum of electromagnetic waves. These waves are  very flexible and can interfere constructively or double up each other when their wavelength and frequency are the same or matching. Hence wherever there is cosmic space there will be the same spectrum of radiations because these radiations travel at the constant sped of light, and because they are strengthened by constructive interference. Therefore, they travel not only in constant speed but with seemingly constant energy, proportional to their frequencies. When a beam of light or electromagnetic wave passes through a thick glass, it would warm up the glass and lose some energy, but when it leaves the glass, due to the phenomenon of "constructive interference"  it would pick up and regain the same constant speed again... What's more, the scenario at the point of exit of emissions displays that the escaping waves do maintain the formation of known electromagnetic wave propagation as observed, i.e., electric and magnetic components are at right angles to each other (along the direction of the galactic disc) and together they are perpendicular to their propagation (in the direction of galactic axis) as they exit the galaxy.

Meanwhile, similar force field symmetries exist not only at the body center of galaxies, but also in all electromagnetic force fields, be it inside or outside the atom, such as electromagnetic interactions within an electric motor or generator, or within a planet, or a solar system, even within an electric bulb of a street lamb, etc., etc., where electromagnetic energies are being cut and shaped into waves by the symmetry and emitted into space. So the cosmic realm is filled with nonstop electromagnetic waves transmission. Transmission means wave motions are transporting, transacting, moving and changing, and as long as similar wavelengths and frequencies are matched, waves are being interfered, altered, inter-amalgamated and then homogenized. Old waves are being replaced by new ones and still propagating forwards to expand the universe        

Nonetheless, there is a well known theory, which maintains that in 1964 two scientists Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias, using an experimental radio telescope attached with a horn antenna, had detected and discovered the original remnants of the "early universe" from the time of the proposed "Big Bang". This remnant or relic of early universe from Big Bang is a electromagnetic radiation in the form and frequency range of microwave that is part of the normal electromagnetic spectrum. After the discovery it has since become popularly known as the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB), or the Microwave Cosmic Background Radiation (MCBR) (also CMBR, CBR, MBR, as well as the "Relic Radiation"). According to various proponents of the Big Bang theory the age of universe is between 10 to 20 billion years since the time of Big Bang. It is suggested that this cosmic background microwave radiation has been floating in space freely with other cosmic radiations ever since all those billions of years, completely untouched, un-interfered and unaltered, despite it is mixed with all the cosmic radiations coming to earth to be measured by the said radio telescope used by those two scientists in 1964. 

However, Big Bang theory did not or could not explained how light or electromagnetic radiations are created in nature. It had to presume that a perfectly beautiful spectrum of electromagnetic wave was simply there during that violent Big Bang explosion. Such efforts to prop up supernatural belief of Creationism by supporting Big Bang was a bit too late and could retard the progress of science, but also self destructive, because modern science and technology are exposing cosmological truth at such exponential rates. Any further efforts to prop up supernatural belief can only make that ticking supernatural time bomb tick faster and eventually explode even more violently! 

Now let's continue with the close look inside the field symmetry. Atoms of stars and planets all contain electrical charge and magnetic moment, and by the time they spiral to the central region of galaxy, they are converted into energy (pieces of materials break up into atoms, and atoms into quarks, then quarks turned into energy and vanish!), because the galactic mass collision would be billions of times stronger than any particle collision machines on earth. But what come out of the galaxy are none other than electromagnetic radiations. Therefore, not only the interactions of electromagnetic energies create the galactic field symmetry, but they are also indestructible, because both the galactic input (mass) and output (energy) contain electromagnetic properties. Therefore, electricity and magnetism are the two most fundamental energies in the universe. Meanwhile at the center of galaxies where actions reach maximum, all four fundamental forces of Interaction, i.e. Strong, Weak Nuclear Forces, Electromagnetic force and Gravitational force, are seemingly reduced to become just energy fluxes alone,, containing electric and/or magnetic properties, to be cut and made into transmissible electromagnetic radiation waves. However, there are two groups of such energy fluxes in action within the galactic symmetry, i, e., ones that find their equal and opposite counterparts are held up momentarily in dynamic balance within the symmetry, and other unbalanced energy fluxes would disturb whatever that are already in dynamic balance and render them free to search for balance in the formation of Miracle-12 again. Therefore, in any galactic system where countless trillions of kinetic forces are seeking expressions in all directions and interacting concurrently, there exists always a force symmetry, which would appear like a permanent fixture, just like the ecliptic or zodiac of our solar system..    

At any rate, now that the phenomenon of Accelerating Universe has proved observationally that galaxies are in fact receding faster than light, and because inertial motions are unrelated to the speed of light, then at the central region of galaxies where the energy involved far exceed any normal interactions, the speed of internal spiral can also travel faster than light. In which case, a part of the galactic center could become an unobservable hole to us (faster than observable light or super-laminar. Also there is no mass particles to reflect light). I have to call this unobservable area or hole an "Observational Black Hole" or "Optical Black Hole", both "(OBH)".  However, according to this theory, there is no relativistic or Gravitational Black Hole (GBH) in any galactic center. There are some reasons:- 

1) It is conceivable that any stars spiraling towards the central region of galaxy would either be drawn or crashed to pieces (comet Shoemacher was drawn to pieces before the broken pieces hit Jupiter) by their own momentum in the traffic congestion. Both scenarios would cause explosion outwards (not gravitaing inwards).

2) Gravitation is proportional to weight. As galactic masses move close to the center of galaxy they must collide and convert into energy, or in quantum mechanics, photons. All energies and photons have no weight. Therefore, gravitation stops when there is no more weight or mass left. No gravitation means no Gravitational Black Hole. 

3) The center of galaxy is an extremely pressurized region where explosive energies are trying to get out. They escape by propagating in the direction perpendicular to the electric-magnetic induction fields. That's why electromagnetic radiations in nature are found to be propagating in such formation. That being the case, everything must get out and nothing can get in or collapse into the galactic center, as it is described in a Gravitational Black Hole. Therefore, it's impossible for any stars to exist intact to collapse into such a Gravitational Black Hole.  

Left Fig:- Artist's impression of an "Observational Black Hole" with emissions at both poles, hence no gravitational Singularity. This impression even accurately shows that as emissions slow down after some distance the radiations become again visible

Within an OBH energy fluxes are traveling at super-luminar speed, but at times a spot of light could still be seen, if the narrow angle of emission points somewhat towards the direction of earth... In the extremely violent central region of the galaxies, increasingly masses are being converted into pure energy. This huge volume of energy cannot be contained within the central region of the galaxy, so they seek spot of least resistance and escape through both poles of the galaxy  in an explosive hurry. The back pressure would help to flatten the galaxies into a disk shape. This phenomenon is observed in all galaxies, especially in the central region of Active Galaxies, as suddenly jets of radiation shooting out of both galactic poles.  

Left fig:- Another artist impression showing Bipolar radiations jetting out of the would be an Observational Black Hole (OBH) region. where motion of energy has exceeded the speed of light.   

It is seen also in some normal galaxies, such as M87(Fig on the left below) in the Virgo Super Cluster of galaxies. A huge jet of emission is seen to come out of the extremely violent center... But in most normal galaxies, the radiation is seen as a bulging halo gradually towards the central region of the main galactic body. This bulging halo extends tens of thousands of Light Years in distance. For our Milky Way the extension is about 1000 Light Years. This entire distance is consisted of radiations or emission of energies. 

Now let's take a look from a different perspective. As masses carrying electric charge (proton and electron in atoms) spiral within the galaxy, they induce an angular magnetic field symmetry. The closer to the center of galaxy, the stronger the field becomes, and the more defined will be the field division, as the polar energy at the divisions will become strengthened too. The concentrated energies at the structural divisions of Miracle-12 field symmetry is synonymous to the functions of permanent magnet poles in an electric generator. As the generator turns, the poles of the generator, carrying moving magnetic flux in pulses, induce electricity traveling also with angular momentum. The induced electric pulses are forged into analog electrical currents in sinusoidal waves. The phenomenon also helps to explain that the sinusoidal waveform of electromagnetic radiations is because they are cut and produced by the galactic field symmetry, the Miracle-12 (see diagram on the left). 

The left fig. is a schematic diagram of a current generator. Between the left and right permanent magnetic poles (which can be any number of pairs) is the rotating armature driven by mechanical means. The induced current in sinusoidal waves is taken out by conducting wires.   

The high potential of the flux produces a voltage, which drives the currents into lower potential part of the system, or rather the consuming appliances, through a conductor. In a comparable way at the galaxy, as the angular motion of formless energy flux passes through the Miracle-12 symmetry, it is cut into electromagnetic waves and dispatched into space. The difference is, as more energy flux would follow into the central region, at different radius of this inward angular motion a huge array of waves will be produced, with wavelengths ranging from extremely long to theoretical zero at the theoretical center of galaxy, where also frequencies would approach infinity. This array of waves is in fact a step-less continuous spectrum electromagnetic radiations, which can be seen and detected by both optical and radio telescopes. (This is rather obvious, because if galaxies did not manufacture such radiation waves, then cosmic space would have to do it, which of course is impossible, because there is nothing in space to do such a job). These waves are mathematically expressed in sinusoidal wave functions f(x). The waves thus created by the Miracle-12 has also special characteristic, i.e. their wavelengths are inversely proportional to frequencies. So the speed of these waves is in fact a constant (FxL=C= Constant). The speed of electromagnetic wave or light C is different to linear velocity V, not only because C is a wave motion and V is a linear motion, but also because C is a constant speed and has a special reason for it (as  explained) and therefore restricted, but V is not restricted to any limitations because in nature there is no limit to the magnitude of linear driving force...

Further more, among the waves produced by the Miracle-12, there are two main classes or ranges of waves. Firstly, the normal range, which understandably is the class ranging from the known Gamma Rays downwards through other lower frequency waves. Because this range can be normally created or recreated in laboratory under earthly conditions. Secondly, the class belonging to the Extreme Galactic Rays (or EGR), because they are produced under indescribable and extreme conditions (as explained above), there is no way to replicate such conditions in earthly laboratory conditions, and because all things on earth, including the human, are created or born into such constant and unchanging energy environment, they are undetected or unnoticed. However, because their extreme power and frequency, they become the only possible source of energy that causes the Strong Nuclear Force of atomic bondage to vibrate and resonate with a very weak secondary wave, which has the nature of attraction but not magnetic. This we call the gravitation wave, and because its vibration is given by the Extreme Galactic Ray, therefore its frequency is high and still unknown to science. Meanwhile, the same Extreme Galactic Rays is also the only possible that causes the Weak nuclear bonding force to vibrate, also producing secondary wave, which would let go of its atomic bondage. We call this product the Carbon-14 radiation (₁₄C). Meanwhile, because the primary force of vibration EGR is extremely strong and its frequency very high, the rate that Carbon-14 releases its nuclear bonding energy becomes highly steady and accurate. Again due to such high frequency, it is still unknown (Please read more in page #13) The nature and origin of gravitation?) 

Since there is a Miracle-12 in every galaxy all over the entire universe, therefore it is a universal phenomenon. This is very important because it is the reason that transmissible energies in the whole universe share the same mechanism from which they are stamped out with the same waveforms and frequencies, as such that they are able to synchronize into the same spectrum of waves that propagate and pervade the entire universe, including the unobservable regions of universe. Their combined existence not only causes the galaxies to recede, but also helps to make all large cosmic objects into spherical bodies. The receding galaxies then cause the observable universe to expand in acceleration, in fact, they also cause the universe to form regenerating universal portions. It happens when galaxies recede from each other into far away distances, and also when they sooner or later run out of strong energy to push each other, then a time will come when the remainders of galactic masses would begin to gravitate each other, helped by some external forces from other remote portion of universe. This is because we cannot see beyond the light speed limit, we therefore must assume that the universe is boundless. This means although it may take forever, but eventually some remainders of galaxies will crunch together and explode. Then the big and small pieces of masses would gravitate into a smaller but nevertheless a brand new portion of universe. 

Although we are living in possibly a very small portion of the boundless universe, we are aware that our portion is very old and mature. It must have been through million or billion cycles of evolutions to homogenize all material, which obeys all atomic structural laws, so that we are able to predict that laws of nature are dependable and same over the whole universe. Dependable behaviors of the universe means there are absolute regularities in the laws and functions of nature that cannot come out of nothing, or simply out of one irrational or accidental occurrence. There must be no ends of repetitive evolutions to perfect the dependability of nature's functions and structures... At any rate, since energy and mass are inter-convertible, the universe is fundamentally restorable and renewable. Converting energy into mass may take much longer time and may need thousands of different ways, but mass and energy are inter-changeable and the universe may generate new portions in changing sizes and shapes. This is why the universe is a Regenerating Universe! (Read also Contents Page #9 "How is the universe of mass structured?" and #10 "How is the universe of energy structured?"). 

Finally, some readers might sooner or later ask if the above described theory can be proven. The answer to that is affirmative! But why? Because since there is no way that the human and his machines can ever get near the center of galaxy or visit the whole universe, we can dependably use logical deductions to fathom the universe. Now, not only every description here is told with digestible logics and explanations, but 99% and more of deductions made in school class rooms are based on logical deductions. Another reason is that everything described and explained in these pages are already proven.  The phenomenon of galactic spiral is caused by moving masses carrying electrons in atoms. Electricity in motion induces magnetism and vice versa, at right angles, causing the galactic masses to turn. The conversion of mass into electromagnetic waves is explained by actions in the dynamic field symmetry, which is illustrated by the creation of a electric current waves in an electric generator. The formation of a 12 equal angled symmetry, namely the Miracle-12, at the galactic body center is explained and evidenced by the field symmetry, called the Zodiac in our solar system. The push of cosmic waves is evidenced by cosmic waves' push of a comet tail, etc.. These things are well proven common knowledge. There is no need to reinvent the wheel! The capacity to use logics and to depend on logical deductions is an intelligence privileged to the human kind only. Science is the only criterion, the last frontier of knowledge, that cannot be disguised, nor politicized, nor affected by time. True or false will always be found out! And if there is no ambiguities, then what's true will remain true for as long as laws and phenomena of nature remain true... 

(checked 4/12/2012)