9) The structure of universe with respect to mass  

(Updated Feb 4th 2011)

It is typical for human nature to think that there must be a limit to everything because practically all things the human sees and experiences in his life are short lived. One of the most undeniable limit is the span of human life. So by habit we think automatically that there is a limit to the vastness of the universe. By nature we also think there is limit to the smallness of things in the subatomic world of particles. All these thoughts are questionable! Because we would never know exactly what lies beyond the observable range of the universe. What really happens at the energy concentrated center of galaxies we could never replicate in laboratories...  So far there are many layers with which we describe the distribution of mass in the universe. These layer are:- galaxies, Stars, plants, Satellites, physical matters, molecules, atoms, nuclei, hadrons (protons and neutrons) and fermions (leptons and quarks), etc., etc... Here in this theory we add one more layer and call it Universal Portions or the portions of the universe. Each portion contains numerous galaxies in expansion or contraction. Our expanding universe is therefore treated as a portion of the universe. However, even this is but a rationalization, because the energy that drives the universe to expand, contract, unify and regenerate is the electromagnetic force, which is a force in waves. We know all energies in waves can interfere, resonate, double up or cancel out each other and therefore produce large and small regions or portions in fluctuation, but in fact we can only so far rationalize. Someday important new principles of physical science may yet be discovered to explain the more detailed formation of such large scale structures of the universe. For the time being, such rationalization of universal portions will be supported by explanations as we go...

First of all, why is science always exact and predictable? A very basic and important reason is that mass and energy in the universe are conserved, at least to the extent that our science cannot notice any possible tiny variations at a certain time interval. So, some scientists consider the universe as a “Closed” system, or a “Near Closed” system in order to conserve everything in it.. Imagine there are Black Holes here and there, especially if there is one in our galaxy, and their unimaginable gravity is making things disappearing down the holes, and since there are different sizes of galaxies around and their materials are disappearing at different rates into the holes, then how can we be sure that science will be the same to-morrow? So in order for science to work with constancy and predictability, material and energy are considered conserved and the universe should be a "Closed" system. Bu if the universe is closed, then there must be also a border of some sort, which of course is quite unthinkable, but we don't really know. Therefore, in the final analysis, the universe must be infinitely large, yet it functions like a closed system. This is possible because infinity is a real existence, but it is too big for the human brain to describe a count or a dimension for it. In other words, it is our own inability to define why and what makes the true reality of nature such an indeterminable existence, whatever it may be. It's all our fault, but it's out there, very big and very real indeed.... The universe is such an existence! So in the end we are forced to settle for the definition that the universe works like a closed system and of such dimension far to large for the human imagination to handle. And in such system all materials and energies are conserved...

Supposing we allow cosmology to look upon the universe from a great distance, or from the outside. What we would see is more than likely that the universe is a completely self sustaining, efficient and durable enterprising existence, one that concurs perfectly with science and laws of nature, and is working flawlessly, freely and naturally, and of course, that's what it is! Because if it isn't, then our world would be in colossal trouble long before we have arrived! Then there are 4 levels of large cosmic mass structures with their corresponding functions and purposes. These levels are divided according to the vast distances between them as well as the different roles and functions they play, which enable the universal drama to perform without hitch, and once these 4 levels are established, the universe can then evolve and regenerate for as long as one can possibly imagine. These 4 levels are:- The Universal Portions, the Galaxies, the Solar Systems, and the Planets. The Nebulae are counted in the group of galaxy because they will eventually form galaxies. The satellites and meteorites are counted with the planets because of their proximity and subordination to the planets. Some theory considers that our Moon was once part of Earth.... Now let me explain why I include the portions of universe… 

The Universal Portions are hypothetically large parts of universe which allow the universe to function like waves in the ocean with freedom of space and movement, so that the large number of expanding galactic masses from one expanding portion may move into the neighboring space to disperse or interact with other masses. Then eventually when this portion becomes more or less emptied, masses from other Universal Portions may move into it. Or when some large parts of universe are experiencing expansion, while other parts are undergoing through contraction. Or when some portions are going through some phases of construction, while other portions are experiencing phases of destruction.  Thus the whole universe may act with fluctuating portions in different states and in continuous cycles of regeneration. Because only in continuous regeneration can mass/energy be conserved (Conservation Laws), and only with repetition of experience or evolution can laws of physics and functions of the universe become perfect, constant, predictable, unchangeable and repeatable. However, this notion is purely hypothetical, because we are unable to see or detect beyond the Hubble Radius, or within the reach or limit of light's constant speed. In any case, the complete observable universe in which we live would be regarded as part of such a large Universal Portion. 

Because Red Shift of galactic light is proportional to the distance and to the receding speed of galaxies, it can be measured and calculated. Between 1990 and 2002 scientists from different nations had observed the remotest galaxies to be approximately 13 billion light years away from us (This distance is equivalent to the Hubble’s Radius, which means that when the galaxies recede to this distance from us at its known rate, its speed would be equivalent to the speed of light). Because our observation cannot go beyond this limit, yet the universe is much bigger than we can see or detect. The fact that transmission of electromagnetic wave or the speed of light is constant permanently limits our vision and observation to within the Hubble Radius, but there are absolutely no limits to the dimension or reach of the universe. So we have o choice but to hypothesize that there are Portions of universe. Besides, there are other reasons which indicate that the universe is made of large portions.

The structure of Portions is most difficult to imagine, simply because they cannot be observed or detected.. However, imagine there is no universe portions, just one big expanding universe, then where do all those galaxies go? There would be no return! And mass and energy cannot be conserved. And there will be no evolutions at all! Because evolution depends on repetition of experience or cycles, not one way street! Imagine 4.5 billions years ago when the Earth was created, it was just a hot and violent molten mass. It has taken billions of years to evolve a solid earth crust, before any vegetations and animals, etc., could be developed on earth. The universe must have taken far longer to evolve the beautiful stars and planets, all of them doing rhythmic duties in that perfectly orderly universal drama. Then all the intricate, the mature orders, the perfect structures and the predictable functions that science depends on would not exist. Surely, you don’t expect that after a Big Bang (if existed) and all laws of physics and metaphysics were already as perfect as we know now. So alone the presence of science is an evidence that the universe has existed, evolved and regenerated to a constant state over infinite eternities of time and countless repeat of evolution…Thus in order for nature to evolve, and our logical senses do not come to an abrupt end, the universe must be made of portions in order to fluctuate, to compensate, to recycle and to regenerate. Because only then can our life, our intelligence and our sciences become answerable to the facts and observations of reality.  

Now let's visualize how the universe in portions comes about and how it works. We start by looking into how the masses in the universe move. But first, we must establish that the universe is in perpetual motion. If the motion stops then that would be a Static Universe (Einstein's theory), but ours is an expanding universe. As long as the universe is motion, it will chain react and can never become static  There are two types of motions that give motion and life to the universe. A spinning motion given by mutual induction between electric charge and magnetic moment, which occurs in alternating phases and perpendicular to each other. Since electric charges are in each atom (electrons and protons) and in all electromagnetic force waves that prevail the entire universal realm. This means that electromagnetic forces pervade the entire space of universe as well as each and every atom. Consequently no matter how the universe interacts, these two fundamental forces still prevail and cannot be destroyed. The angular and phase difference between these fundamental forces give spinning motion to all things, i.e. atomic elements, planets, solar systems, galaxies and even the portions of the universe. Everything spins! This turning motion causes the galactic masses to form and planets to spiral into the galactic center by combination of turning motion and gravitation.

The other cosmological motion is a linear motion. This is caused by galactic masses spiraling into the central region of galaxy where they are crushed and completely converted into propagating electromagnetic waves through the action of a dynamic force symmetry, Miracle-12, at the center of galaxy. These waves coming out of galaxies are so strong that they push the galaxies to recede from each other, giving the expansion of the universe. What cause the universe to expand without direct bodily contact are the transmissions of electromagnetic force in waves. However, as galaxies continue to convert mass to energy, the galactic masses become increasingly less due to nonstop conversion of mass to pushing energy waves, there comes a time when their mutual push weakens and beginning to exhaust, the portion may even begin to contract under gravitation. But because of the different sizes, age and energies of galaxies, the interactions between them produce different timing. Such process would also cause big and small groups of galaxies to form, producing wavelike fluctuate in group motion as well as in timing. The effect of fluctuation could produce relatively small or big congregations, like the congested galaxies, or Great Wall of galaxies in the Virgo Constellation. 

Fig on the left is a large scale segment of the universe, showing a Great Wall of clusters and the Supercluster of Virgo at the center. The radius of the segment is about 200 Mpc

The groups could also resonate together to form huge portions like our expanding universe, whose limit is beyond our vision. I call such large regions "Universal Portions". And because of the existence of many universal portions, some of which are expanding and pushing, there must come a time when the weakened or emptied portion is push back by some stronger neighboring portion or portions. However, the very moment the galactic masses in the weakened portion start to contract, the increased gravitation between masses would accelerate the contraction speeds. The countless masses of galaxies from different distances will collide in countless intervals causing chained explosions at various rates. This portion of universe is now under a local regeneration.

However, such explosions break up the galactic masses, but cannot be violent enough to convert all the mass into pure homogeneous energies (unlike the phenomenon occurring at the Miracle-12, which not only reduce all mass to energy, but also make them into sinusoidal cosmic waves). At any rate, after the crashes and explosions, the dusts settle down. The gravity will  begin to pull the mass together and the interaction of electromagnetic forces will eventually cause the mass particles to start spinning. In good time, nuclear synthesis and stellar synthesis will start to form galaxies masses again, such as stars, planets and planetary systems. By collecting planets and stars into spins new galaxies will be formed. Then after a while these new galaxies will begin produce electromagnetic for transmission and start a new expanding universe, or a new universal portion... However, such a galaxy would now contain old and odd stars or planets using bits and pieces of materials from the previous regeneration, because in previous cycle the materials are crushed and exploded in different timing. Anyhow, without the universal portions, the universe cannot keep equilibrium and cannot regenerate. And masses cannot mix and homogenize, then the properties of mass cannot be renewed through out the universe, which also means that laws governing masses would not be constant everywhere. In which case, physical laws governing atomic properties and atomic behaviors would not be consistent or even non-existent. But the true reality is that laws of physics are always constant and perfect! That means the universe has been through repeated regenerations!

Therefore, hypothetical universal portions would help and facilitate the universe to recycle, evolve, regenerate and mature into predictable functions and laws. Thus, the expansion of universe can only serve as evidence that our observable universe must be only part of the life cycle of whole universe, which is endlessly evolving and regenerating. In other words, the precision and constancy of science and laws of nature cannot possibly be developed in a one way street such as a Big Bang! It must have taken many eternities to evolve and advance to the present state of regularity and predictability, and this would necessitates the additional structure of universal portions. During the evolution of portions, some of the portions would lose mass/energies to other portions. Our sun loses 400 million tons of weight per day due to emissions. Big and small portions could be born at different intervals. Small ones could get smaller and smaller still, whilst their regenerative cycles could get speeded up. Some would be invaded by their stronger neighbors, whilst others would get squeezed or flattened to form a line, like the Great Wall galaxies, or like the Super-clusters at the Virgo Constellation. Some Nebulae remain nebulous, it could be because their mass particles are too small and too far apart, or perhaps because they have extremely poor magnetic permeability and so they cannot start a spinning motion. Besides, the gravitation is an extremely weak energy and if tiny particles are spaced evenly apart, they cannot even pull or gravitate between them.    

At the edge of portions many odd things could happen, galactic masses from other portions could wander into the next door portion, giving or taking different properties with them. We happen to live in a highly advanced portion, which is far bigger than our vision can reach. At any rate, without portions the present structures and functions of universe might not exist as it does now! The theory that the universe is made of portions therefore enables better flexibility for the universe to regenerate. Even while one portion is undergoing regeneration, other portions would impart energies into this regenerating portion. The process would quickly influence the development and evolution of the new portion,  We don’t need to see the whole universe with our own eyes, but we can envision it through the totally predictable functions of science and logics that govern the atoms or mass as well as all our sciences. Therefore, the postulate of universal portions is not only a rational derivation, it is realistic proposal and a rational result of logics, upon which all our sciences depend. The ability to rationalize is what differentiate the humans from other creatures. That too is the results of endless evolution and  regenerations.

[Note: I have removed a lot of unnecessary text from this page. These web pages were written directly onto the screen, but due to unavoidable health reasons, some pages were left untrimmed and untidy for many years. My apologies to readers.... Updated Feb 4th 2011 ].